Hanukkah is a very significant festival in the lives those who follow after Yeshua the Messiah. Most Christians, however, know very little about this festival that remembers and honors a commitment to G-d even through persecution, and the miracles that G-d worked on the behalf of the faithful. Our Master Yeshua taught at the Temple at Hanukkah and used the Hanukkah as a teaching aid with His disciples, so it is important that we understand it ourselves. He wants us to, and expects us to understand what it is He’s talking about. Tonight we’ll talk a little about the history of Hanukkah and what Yeshua had to say about it.
The word Hanukkah means Dedication, so the Festival of Hanukkah means the Festival of Dedication. The events that happened long ago and bring us this celebration are not found in the Bible because they happened less than 200 years before the birth of our Messiah. The only mention of Hanukkah in the Bible, outside of the prophecies that foretell it, is found in the New Testament.
History of Hanukkah
The Prophet Daniel wrote very clearly about the rise and fall of kingdoms and their relation to Israel. He spoke of men by name, hundreds of years before their birth, before their kingdoms even existed. He also told of the events that bring us the Festival of Hanukkah.
Alexander the Great had conquered a vast territory in the prime of his life. At his passing his empire was divided between his top generals because Alexander did not have an heir. The Selucids of Syria inherited the territory containing the Land of Israel and yet the Ptolemies of Egypt also wanted control of the trade routes that flow through this land, so there was constant political unrest over who would control the vital territory between the two empires – the Land of Israel. In 171 BCE, there rose the leader of the Selucid Empire named Antiochous. We read about this king in several places in the Book of Daniel. He was a despicable man, a man of intrigue, who murdered his brother in order to become the King of Syria. He decided that he was a god and thus named himself Antiochus Epiphanes (meaning “the divine”). His primary goal was to completely hellenize his whole kingdom – making his whole kingdom Greek. He thought the Greek ways were the best and right ways and besides, who would dare to argue with a god who had the power to kill? Antiochous strictly enforced the Greek ways that were originally introduced throughout the known world by Alexander the Great – philosophy, architecture, art, science, sports, leisure, entertainment and religion. Many Jews were tempted to compromise the ways they walked out their faith. These new Greek ways were fun, interesting, and different. What could be wrong with a little change, right? A little compromise here, a little there and soon whole generations would consider the compromises of their parents as “normal” and “conservative” while they continue down the slide of compromise. Many Jews of the day decided it was good to mix their religion and practices with the Greek ways. Antiochous helped the Jews along in their transformation from being Jewish to being Greek. He installed a new High Priest, named Jason, in Jerusalem. Jason was willing to do whatever it took to help transform the Jewish people from a monotheistic people, the People of G-d, to polytheistic Greeks. A little more than three years after Antiochous became king over Syria, and Israel, there began a great persecution that would last just over 3 years. These events took place between 171 BCE and 164 BCE – 7 years in all. One day the king rolled into Jerusalem with an ego bruised by Rome and slaughtered thousands of Jews on the Sabbath. He was so annoyed with these stubborn Jews that simply would not give up their G-d or their ways, so he issued his own commandments for the Jews and among them were these:
- Thou shalt not circumcise your sons
- Thou shalt not study Torah
- Thou shalt not offer sacrifices to any gods but Zeus
- Thou shalt defile Sabbath
- Thou shalt eat unclean meats
- The penalty for defying these commandments is death, no exceptions.
The devoted Jews in Antiochous’ kingdom recognized that Antiochous was throwing his fist in the face of the One True G-d in direct opposition. The people knew they had choices to make, important choices. There were many Hellenized Jews who found no difficulty at all in adjusting their lives to suit the desires of the King of Syria and they were at odds with those who would stubbornly hold fast to ADONAI and His Torah. Those who would not compromise would be tortured and slaughtered, they and their entire families. The holy books were cut into shreds and publicly burned. G-d’s holy Temple was defiled and converted into a pagan temple. The holy implements were stolen, parts of the Temple were destroyed, and an idol of Zeus was put up in the temple. On the 25th of Kislev offerings to Zeus were burnt upon ADONAI’s holy altar. Scholars tell us that this idol of Zeus bore the face of Antiochous himself. This is the abomination that causes desolation that Daniel spoke of.
The Selucid army was sent to every village and town in Judah with orders to erect an idol and altar to Zeus and then to see to it that the people worshiped the image. The first people to be contacted in every place were the local leaders, the priestly families. In a little town called Moidi’in the local priestly family of Mattathias was ordered to lead the people to worship Zeus. Mattathias would have none of it! A man from Moidi’in stepped forward to show his allegiance with Antiochus and eat of the unclean meat that had just been burnt as an offering to the idol. This infuriated old Mattathias who slew both the man and the King’s officials in his righteous indignation. His call to his countrymen was “Whoever is zealous for the L-RD and for His Torah, follow me!” and he headed up to the rugged Judean hills with his grown sons. They were put together a small band of guerrilla warriors to stand against Antiochus Epiphanies and his Syrian army. The goal was to defend their way of life, their call to live righteously before G-d. The Children of ADONAI were in danger of being either assimilated into a pagan culture or completely destroyed. This was a dangerous time to stand strong for the faith indeed.
The banner that these guerilla warriors fought under was MaCaBe, standing for “Mi ChaMocha BaEilim Adonai…” which you might recognize in English as “Who is like unto You, O Lord, among the gods?…” Judah, one of the sons of Mattathias, was nicknamed Judah Maccabe, which can also be translated as Judah the Hammer. Judah led the band of untrained guerrilla freedom fighters and it is said that they hit hard and fast like a hammer and then disappeared into the hills. The little band of warriors fighting so desperately for ADONAI and His ways were called The Maccabees. The Syrian army of Antiochus was large and very powerful yet they eventually fell to the Maccabees.
Judah Maccabee was able, with G-d’s help, to lead the Maccabes to recover the defiled Temple, to clean it up and restore proper worship to Jerusalem once again. After the pagan items were removed from the Temple and the repairs were made it was time to re-dedicate the Temple to the One True God. The Temple was cleansed and dedicated each year at the festival of Sukkot, or the Feast of Tabernacles. But the Temple was able to be dedicated that year at Sukkot and the priestly family of Mattathias decided that a Sukkot-like festival would be held once the Temple was restored. The joyous Temple dedication celebration began on the anniversary of the very day that the Temple was defiled by Antiochous, the 25th of Kislev. No longer would this day mark the destruction of the Temple, it would mark a day of victory over the enemy of ADONAI! This joyous dedication celebration lasted 8 days, like it did when Solomon dedicated the first Temple and like the 8 day celebration of the Festival of Sukkot. This is why we celebrate Hanukkah for 8 days today.
Hanukkah in the Gospels
We read that Yeshua our Messiah felt that the Festival of Hanukkah was important enough to travel the 3 to 5 day journey from His hometown to celebrate Jerusalem. We read in John 10 that He was teaching the crowds at the Temple during the Festival of Hanukkah. We find Yeshua in Solomon’s Colonnade which is in the vicinity of the Eastern Gate. This is the very gate through which the Prophets say the Messiah will enter the Temple. This is the same area of the Temple that later became the center of worship for the early Messianic Believers. It was here that the leaders of the day asked Him “Are you the Messiah? Tell us plainly.” Yeshua recaps what He had taught in the Temple just a few months prior at Sukkot and follows with “I and the Father are one”. This statement angered some of the leaders who picked up stones with the intent of stoning Yeshua to death for blasphemy. However, we know that there were more than a few Pharisees, Priests and Lawyers in that day who believed Yeshua was indeed the Son of G-d. Yeshua escaped the stoning attempt, which must have frustrated the ones who did not understand Who He was.
Hanukkah and Prophecy
In Matthew 24 we find the Disciples and the Master leaving the Temple and Jerusalem after a festival. The Disciples ask the Master, “Tell us, when will these things be, and what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age?” Yeshua then begins to speak with Hanukkah symbolism and imagery. He tells them to be careful that they are not led astray, that there will be war and rumor of war, that there will be persecution and so forth. We find an interesting side-note in Matthew 24:15 that says “Let the reader understand the allusion”. The Disciples understood that Yeshua was telling them of future events while pointing back to the past. They knew the stories. The writer of the Book of Matthew wants to ensure that we, the readers, understand too. We are expected to know what the Master is saying, we are expected to understand that before the return of our Master at the end of the age that the prophecies of Daniel will be fully completed. We, the followers of Messiah Yeshua, will be tempted to fall away and to compromise our faith. The Master warns us to be on our guard and not to allow ourselves to fall away, to mix in or to give up, but to keep holding strong to the Word and hold on tight until He comes to deliver us at an hour that we do not expect.
Hanukkah Traditions
You see, Hanukkah is a festival that celebrates the survival of the People of G-d in the midst of great trial and persecution. Against insurmountable odds, the faithful ones defeated the great Syrian army and won back their way of life. This was not done in their own might or power but only through ADONAI. Many traditions have developed over the years that help us tell the story and help us to remember.
There is a story of holy oil that was found to light the lamps on the menorah in the Temple. It says that ADONAI made one days worth of oil burn for all 8 days of the dedication celebration. What a miracle! In the darkest days of the long winter months, great lights were lit in the Temple courts. They shone so brightly that the light lit up all of Jerusalem. A city on a hill cannot be hidden indeed! The great lights and the menorah became very prominent features of the Hanukkah celebrations so much so that The Festival of Dedication is also often called The Festival of Lights.
There is a game with a little spinning top called a dreidel. The dreidel has 4 Hebrew letters: Nun, Gimmel, Hay and Shin. They stand for the Hebrew words meaning “A Great Miracle Happened There”. It is said that when the teachers wanted to study the Torah in the days of the Macabees, they would have to look like they were busy doing something else whenever a Syrian soldier or a Hellenized Jew would come by. They decided to play with a little top as they studied the Torah. It looked like they were gambling Today we often tell stories of the miracles of Hanukkah as we play dreidel with chocolate coins. A great miracle did indeed happen there!
Traditional Hanukkah foods are always oily, reminding us of the oil used to light the many lights of the festival. Latkes (potato pancakes) and sufganiyot (jelly doughnuts) are among the traditional treats for Hanukkah.
There are many stories to be told at Hanukkah time. Our faith is about remembering, the telling and retelling of these stories so that we do not forget. Hanukkah is a time to remember and celebrate the miracles that ADONAI brought to His people. Against all odds, the people of G-d survived.